Risk management in project development

Risk management in project development Risk Management In Software development Abstract: Risks are always associated with any kind of project development. It is important to identify and control the risks associated with any project as important it is to develop a project. Especially with software projects there are many unexpected problems which may hinder the software development process. It is crucial to control these risks from the technical development of components for a project to be successful. Hence the software industry is seeing software development risk management as an important practice to minimize the occurrence of risks associated with the project. This research papers gives an insight into various risks associated with software development and the methods to reduce these risks. Introduction: Risk management is a very interesting topic in todays world. Now as days we see that software is an essential part of any application and is used in every company for various purposes. Software has become an important part of life and is practically used in everyday life for various purposes. Now days, due to increase in software companies and usage of internet, a lot of complex and large software projects are developed. These projects have constraints of resources, cost and schedule. So it becomes necessary to build these projects risk free as there are many factors and constraints associated with it. In the present competitive world, there are a lot of companies making various softwares which are large scale and small scale. With this huge scope developing software, comes the risks of managing and developing successful software. Technology is advanced tremendously but still the problems and risks related to software development exist. Research has shown that 85% of all projects being developed fail due to various risks associated with project development. Out of these 40% completely fail due to incomplete requirements and 46% due to cost and schedule over runs and improper functionality. So, effective risk management is important for successful project development. Risk: A Risk is the occurrence of an event which can adversely affect or hinder the development process. A risk is any event which is likely to happen or not but if it does happen will have a negative effect on the project. Risk cannot be classified into various categories but it is the types of risks that need to be identified which are associated with a project. The risks may vary from managing team members, resources and changing environment or technology. Technical risks lie at the heart of most of the causes of software project failures. Technical risks can be defined as the possibility that the application of software engineering theory, principles, and techniques will fail to yield the right software product. Technical risk is comprised of the underlying technological factors that may cause the final product to be: overly expensive, delivered late, or unacceptable to the customer. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Risk Management and Factors Responsible for Risks: Risk Management can be defined as An application of appropriate tools and procedures to contain risk within acceptable limits by identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems before they damage a project.(Dhlamini, J. 2009). It contains processes, methods and tools for managing risks associated with a software project. The basic aim of risk management is to early analyze and identify the risks associated with the project development and take the necessary steps change the course of action to minimize the risks. Risk Management is basically a continuous and formalized process of assessment which requires a team-oriented and needs open communication between all the members. The various factors responsible for risks in development of software projects are scope, resources, cost, communication, integration, time scale, quality and contracts. Every factor has its own risk and affects the project development in a way if not managed properly. Like if the project is outsourced there are times when the communication is not clear between the offshore and onshore team. Most of the times to cut the costs the management, might not use the right sources required for the project resulting in a failure. Sometimes the requirements are not defined properly with may result into a product which is not per the expectations thus affecting the quality of the product. At times, while the project is half way through and there is a change in the technology and company policy which may affect the project. Many times, stakeholder conflicts may also affect the project cost and deadline. Integration is also an issue if many teams are participating in project development. Risk Management Models: There have been various approaches and models proposed for software risk management based on the research on the risks associated with projects and the experiences of the project managers and professionals. There are a few basic approaches for risk management. They are traditional and risk-oriented method. The traditional approach is very generic to all the projects deals with the risks associated with all the projects in general and specific to a particular project. The second approach is risk-oriented which deals with identifying the risks associated with a specific project and aims to deal with those risks before they harm the project. Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management model is a risk-oriented approach to deal with the risks associated with the software project development. There are many such models that were proposed like the first one proposed by Barry Boehm in 1988. His proposed a framework by collecting all the requirements and measures together. SEI (Software Engineering Institute-1997) also proposed a risk management framework. The goal of this framework was to help the manager, developers and other decision makers to identify the risks at an early stage of development, so that appropriate measures can be taken at the right time to minimize the risk. Karolak in 1996 also proposed a model for risk management to handle high level risks. This model proposed a model to handle the risks which affect the cost and time of project development. The various methodologies for risk management are given below: a) Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model (GSRM): The GSRM is risk management approach which consists of a model of four layers to manage risks in software development. The advantage of using a layered approach is that any technique can be applied to any layer at any time without affecting the other layers. The diagram for the GSRM is shown below, Goal Layer: This is the first layer in GSRM where identifying, elaborating and modeling of goals are done based on the components to be developed for project to be successful. Success of a project can be defined as anything like meeting the deadlines, within estimated cost, fully functional project, meeting the user requirements, etc. So, success means identifying all the technical component development to be done as early as possible. In GSRM, the goals can be identified as project scope, business needs, user requirement, cost estimation, schedule, etc. So these goals in the development process must be ensured to be within project scope, maintained under decided budget and to realistic time scale, achieve all the business needs and reduce risks based on the nature of project, for a successful project development. Many times these goals may be too high so they are divided into small goals which can be achieved at different levels of abstraction. So it is important to attain these small goals to attain the final goal. Due to this, it is easy to model the development components where satisfying the goal makes it easy to final project fulfillment. (Islam, S. 2009) Risk-Obstacle Layer: This is the second layer in the GSRM model, which identifies the risks associated with the project development. These risks can be considered as potential obstacles which are identified from the early developed components and can affect the project goal. Many times there are processes that depend on each other and if there is an obstacle in one of the process it may cause obstruction in other processes also. Obstacles can be due to human error, wrong information, vague/incomplete requirements, miscommunication, wrong technology implementation, etc which may obstruct the achievement of goals resulting in affecting the time scale and cost of development. So risk obstacle identification is done through questionnaire, cross checking the requirements and brainstorming with the stakeholders. A set of brainstorming session and questionnaire is followed after the initial set of components developed to identify the risks before they worsen. These risks are then assessed by the assessment laye r. (Islam, S. 2009) Assessment Layer: This is the third layer in GSRM, where the risk is properly analyzed and explained the event that caused the risk to occur. The risk event that has caused the risk has two properties: likelihood and severity. Severity increases the negative impact of the risk event and likelihood is the possibility of a risk occurring due to the event. There are some risk factors that can give rise to one risk event which may cause many obstacles leading to disturbing the final goal. So this allows in analyzing the various risk factors and the impact that these risks will have on the set of goals to be achieved. So this layer considers risks metrics to identify the likelihood of occurrence of the risk event due to the risk factors. These risk metrics considers the risk factors, risk occurrence likelihood and risk severity for analyzing and measuring the risks which makes the process very easy and simple to identify the risks at early stage of development. For the assessment this model uses Bayesians subjective probability for analyzing the risks events that occurred due to risk factors. In this model, on those risk events that have a negative effect on the goals to achieve are considered. So, this layer basically gives the risks in the order of likelihood and severity that may affect the satisfaction of the final goal to be achieved through obstruction link. (Islam, S. 2009) Treatment Layer: This is the last layer in the model and this layer is to identify the set of actions that can be taken to reduce the risks and also selects the most appropriate action required for the particular risk so as to minimize the effect of the risk in achieving the final goal. Basically, this layer comes into action when the goals, risk factors and risk events have been identified and analyzed by the previous layers and a cost effective measure is required to be implemented to achieve the goal. For this, there can be various agents within the development environment like humans or some tools are used to satisfy the goals. So it is very important to consider the cost benefit of using a particular agent. Hence it becomes very much necessary to model, reason and trace a situation in the software development atmosphere to control and minimize the risks to attain the final goal. (Islam, S. 2009) Boehms Model: Boehm proposed a model in 1988 for risk management in software development. This model was based on spiral model and proposed a framework for minimizing the impact on risk by integrating risk management methods into software development model. The main idea behind this approach is to remove the anticipated risks at an early stage to avoid their occurrence and effect on the later stages of development. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Boehms model stated that risk management can be divided into two subcategories i.e. Risk control and Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment can again be sub-divided into risk identification, risk analysis and risk prioritization. Risk Control can be sub-divided into risk management planning, risk resolution and risk monitoring. In risk assessment, the risks are basically identified, their impacts are analyzed and a priority is set based on the impact of analyzed risks. Then in Risk Identification all the possible risks that can arise during the project development phase. So this consists on maintaining checklists, suggestions, documentation, assumption analysis and decomposition. The risk analysis stage where the potential of the risk is identified and the probability of its occurrence. It includes the analysis of performance and network. Now once the risk is identified and analyzed comes the risk prioritization stage. In this stage the risk is prioritized based on the value of the impact of that risk. This basically helps in exposing the risk so that it can be taken care of before it aggravates. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) An example for the above can be given as below where the risk factors affecting Satellite Experiments software are given in the table below. The table below shows various factors affecting the project development. The column of Unsatisfactory Outcome shows the various reasons affecting the project. The second column shows the probability of that occurrence on the scale of 1-10. The third column shows the loss occurrence and the last column shows risk exposure. Software Engineering Institute (SEI): The framework provided by the SEI for software risk management is to enable three groups, namely the Software Risk Evolution (SRE), Continuous Risk Management (CRM) and Team Risk Management (TRM). The main motive behind developing this framework is to enable the decision makers like the stakeholders, customers, managers and engineers to identify the risks associated with the software development cycle like analysis, requirement gathering, developing, integrating and testing, so that appropriate minimizing strategies can be applied at the right time. These methodologies have relatively three fundamentally different objects i.e. risk prevention, risk mitigation and correction and ensuring safe system failure. To achieve these three objectives there are seven principles for risk management. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) They are, Shared Product Vision: It focuses on results. It is based on sharing product vision related to a common purpose and shared ownership. Teamwork: It defines working together as a team for achieving a common goal by pooling skills, talents and knowledge. Global Perspective: The system design and development is viewed from a global perspective of building a larger system. Identifying the potential of the final product from a global perspective and also the impact of adverse effects like cost and time overrun or not meeting the requirements. Open Communication: Making sure that communication is open between all the members involved in the project at all levels. By supporting formal and informal communication where required. Supports a consensus-based process where individual is allowed to give an opinion regarding the risk associated with the project. Forward-Looking View: It thinks about tomorrow, identifies the associated uncertainties and possible outcomes along with managing project resources and activities. Integrated Management: Making risk management an integral part of project development process. Adopting risk management tools and methodologies to project development process. Identification is the first step in SEI model. In this step the issues which will affect the project goal are identified. In the next step of analysis, these risks are analyzed by the decision makers to work on these risks. In the planning stage these risks are prioritized in the order of value which might affect the final goal. Then each risk in the order of priority is taken into consideration and a study is done on that risk is done during planning so that an appropriate action can be taken against them to avoid the risk and minimizing their impact. Then proper measures are taken so as to make sure that are risks are handled as they are planned. Thus tracking of all the measures taken is done to see if things are going as planned and all the necessary control measures are executed. Communication present at the center of the model facilitates connection between all the steps in the model. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) While implementing the SEI model all the activities follow a sequence of steps. The risk and mitigation database lies at the center of the model and is responsible for all the communication between various activities. It is responsible for identifying all the risks and making an entry for all the new risks that have been identified. Risks like cost overrun, increase in time scale, resources problem, vague requirements, improper functionality, improper testing, inefficient testing tools and no time for testing. Many times the risks are identified before they arise actually. Like increase in the cost of development, lack of proper resources or incomplete requirements. At times when huge projects are to be handled, they are generally broken into smaller sub-parts. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) In each sub-part different methods and criteria of handling risks. In this case, there is less time and cost required to handle these risks and is efficiently handled. These risks are prioritized based on their impact value, dependency, cost and resources required to minimize them. Risk mitigation plan is then made based on the priority of the risk, so as to give preference to high probability risk. This plan is documented so as to keep a track all the risks in the order of priority and a record of all the risks that are handled and ones remaining. This plan is then updated on regular basis as and when a risk is taken care of and they no longer exist. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Riskit Method: Riskit Method was proposed by Jyrki Kontio in 1996 which mainly focused on goals and stakeholders. This model is very much based on theoretical concepts based on the experience. This model was proposed based on the previous developers experience. The main characteristics of this model are fully operational definition of process, risk management, scope, focus, authority, processes and steps for identifying and defining goals of the project. Riskit method has five elements of risk. Risk Elements in Riskit Method: Risk Factor: It is an attribute which may affect the likelihood of occurrence of a risk. Risk Event: It is an event of occurrence of a negative incident. Risk Outcome: It is a situation that occurs between the risk occurrence and before corrective measures implemented. Risk reaction: It is an action taken in response to the occurrence of the risk and the effect of the risk occurrence. Risk Effect Set: It is the effect of the risk event occurrence and the set of characteristics which are affected by the risk event. The seven steps in Riskit process are: Risk Management Mandate Definition: In this step the scope and frequency of risk management are defined with all the stakeholders being recognized. The output of this step is to mandate risk management like how, why, when, where, what, whom, etc. Goal Review: In this step all the predefined goals of the project are reviewed and refined and the new refined goals are clearly defined. Then the stakeholders associations analyze the redefined goal. Risk Identification: In this step, various potential risks associated with the project are identified and listed down. Risk Analysis: In the analysis phase, all the identified risks are classified in the order of priority. These risks effects are then estimated for all the possible scenarios. Then the probability of utility losses due to these risks is estimated. Finally, a graph is prepared based on the estimated risks and their scenarios. Risk Control Planning: Now, once the risks have been graphed based on their value of impact, the most important risk is taken for risk control planning. Then all the members decide and propose control actions to be taken for a particular risk. Then a controlling action is decided and finalized. Finally, the decided action is taken to control the risk. Risk Control: In this phase, the action for risk control decided in the previous stage is executed, resulting in reduced risks. Risk Monitoring: After the risk control stage, the risks are monitored to check their situation resulting risk status. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) FMEA Technique: FMEA technique is a risk management technique which stands for Failure Mode Effect Analysis. These days due to heavy competition companies realize the need for innovation but fear failure or sometimes ignore the risks associated with it, resulting in failure. Due to bad design, implementation and testing it may result in heavy loss, incomplete functionality or even decline in market share. To overcome this fear of failure and we need a process that will identify the failure modes that will damage customer satisfaction, recognize the reason for failure and see the causes of failure. This will help to identify the critical failure areas and take the necessary action to avoid the situation. So FMEA technique is used which provides a tool for recognizing the risk areas from design to production which may lead to failure. (Stunell, P. 2003) The FMEA process consists of a certain steps. The first step is identification of the risks that can occur during the project development process from design to development. In this step, first raw information is gathered from the stakeholders, managers and team members and previous projects in a structured format so that a knowledge base is create to identify all the potential risks that can arise leading to project failure. The next step is to assign a value to that risk based on its probability of occurrence, the impact of risk and detection based on the analysis of team members, stakeholders and other professionals. Then a Risk Priority Number (RPN) which is used to identify the probability of occurrence of a risk and the effect of its occurrence. This will help in taking a corrective measure at the right time so that the product goes as decided and has customer satisfaction.RPN uses rating scales based on the severity of the consequence for a particular risk, probability of the failure due to its occurrence and probability of a risk occurrence. (Stunell, P. 2003) The rating is done on the scale of 1 to 5 or 1 to 10 based on this rating the severity of the risk is calculated. For example, in the rating of 1 to 5, generally a risk whose value is 5 is very likely to occur than the one having a value 1. The figure below shows a scale of 1 to 5. Then once this is done a graph or scatter plot is created based on the RPN and risk value. Then based on these calculated values a priority list is created for all the risks. A risk response plan is created after the priority is created and the risks are re-evaluated based on the RPN and risk value. Once the risk is identified then accordingly the corrective steps are taken to reduce the risk. After the action is taken again, the calculations are done to see the effectiveness of the action. This helps in knowing the percentage reduction in RPN. (Stunell, P. 2003) Advantages Disadvantages of Risk Management: Advantages: Risk Management helps in early detection of problems associated with the project. It helps in preparing the development team to face the future problems. It reduces overall cost of the development which might increase due to risks associated with the project. Helps in taking the right steps like proper developers, technologies, time scale, etc. Disadvantages: It takes time during the initial stages as it requires analysis and information gathering on the possible risks associated with the project. It may also increase the overall cost of development. My View-Point: This paper is based on my research on the various risks associated with the project development and the methods to minimize these risks. Since the advancement of technology and scope for software development a lot of complex projects are developed. But there are always some risks associated with the development of these large scale projects. Risks can be like cost increase, resources problem, time schedule and many more. Many methods are proposed based on the experience of the managers and other professionals to avoid and minimize the risks associated with software project development. Based on my experience with projects and understanding of these methods I feel that risk management is as important as project development. Risk Management should be a part of software development cycle because it important to manage and identify the risks associated with the development as important it is to develop a full functional product under the given time and cost to satisfy the customer. Many times unexpected problems may arise during the development phase or testing phase which may result in backtrack to the design phase resulting in increasing cost and time scale. At times, developers may leave a project half-way which may result in resource problem. So risk management implementation in project development may give the stakeholders, developers and managers to time to analyze the risks associated with the development and prepare themselves risks to come in advance. From my research on the above methods of risk management, I feel that goal driven approach and FMEA technology are better to be used for various types of project. Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model is a goal based approach. In this model the goals of the project are defined at the very start of the project like the error free requirements, end user involvement, scope, business needs, realistic time scale, cost estimation and managing resources. This will reduce the occurrence of unexpected problems during the development process. Even if a risk arises unexpectedly, it has a series of steps to follow like the obstacle- link layer for the obstacles that arise for a decided goal to achieve. Then the analysis layer which is used to analyze the obstacle and the treatment layer where a proper action is taken based on the analysis layer. This approach is really good for small and medium sized projects as they are with one team and the user can be in direct communication with them and the team knows the whole development cycle. FMEA technology is mainly used in managing risks in large complex projects. In this technology first the risks which are likely to occur are decided based on the experience of senior professionals and stakeholders. Then, this raw information is made as a knowledge base and all the other risks are also identified. Then these risks are prioritized based on their value of impact on the project development. After that these risks are analyzed and a document is made. Then based on this analysis a corrective method is decided and implemented to reduce the risk. This really helps in large projects because the basic risks are associated with all the teams working on the project but few risks are face by the teams working on different modules. So these teams have their own set of risks to handle and the basic ones of they occur. This will reduce the time and cost in risk management as teams will face their own small risks to handle rather than a single team on large project handling all the r isks alone. So FMEA technology can be used for managing risks in large scale projects. Other projects are equally useful but they cannot be implemented alone. They are combined with other models to control risks associated with software development. 7) Conclusion: Risk Management is an integral part of any project development cycle. It is something that the software industry needs to pay equal attention to as software development. This is because the statistics show that more than 70% of the projects fail due to various reasons and risks associated with them. There have been studies done in this area and professionals have proposed and implemented various methods for risk management. But still this problem does exist in the industry. Project development should plan a risk management plan along with the development plan to make sure that the project is completed on time, within the estimated cost and to the full satisfaction of the customer. Thus Risk management is very beneficial and extremely important for any project to be successful and satisfy the customer needs. 8) References: Boehm, B. (1989). Software acquisition gold practiceà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ formal risk management. Retrieved from http://www.goldpractices.com/practices/frm/ Boehm, B. (1991). Software risk management: principles and practices. IEEE Software, 8(1), Retrieved from http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=625015 doi: 10.1109/52.62930 Boehm, B. (1998, 12 5). Software risk management. Retrieved from http://sunset.usc.edu/classes/cs510_2003/notes/ec-files/Software_Risk_Management.ppt Boban, M. (2003, 11 02). Strategies for successful software development risk management . Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HeDQ2Ow8nUYJ:www.efst.hr/management/Vol8No2-2003/4-boban-pozgaj-sertic.doc+risk+management+in+software+developmentcd=16hl=enct=clnkgl=us Dhlamini, J. (2009). Intelligent risk management tools for software development. Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers Association, 33-40. Examining risk priority numbers in fmea. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/2q2003/rpns.htm Islam , S. (2009). Software development risk management model: a goal driven approach. Proceedings of the doctoral symposium for ESEC/FSE on Doctoral symposium, 5-8. Prikladnicki, R. (n.d.). Risk management in software development: a position paper. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:EkxHkf-j8d4J:gsd2004.cs.uvic.ca/camera/prikladnicki.pdf+risk+management+in+software+developmenthl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESi3waZpt2SvUyFxBL_yCBTqZw3dRNjeK-Q9UorompBDJtxpg4tyvOhcf-25jgS1-2GymhNqyjtfKrUdMVgqa8wPaUo35ZJ_GCCzvA7V7Abvtz6hkEWK2N0BkcCAn5F36b1jpaGzsig=AHIEtbRhFabMWP1F7cCeNUCDQUVFhhh3Hw Stunell, P. (2003). How to Improve productivity in design and development. Retrieved from http://www.stunell.com/PDFs/Engineering%20FMEA-Version-2-2.pdf William, L. (2008, 08 14). Risk management. Retrieved from http://openseminar.org/se/modules/21/index/screen.do

01.02 What is Citizenship? (Honors Extension) FLVS Essay

The bill, titled to provide discretionary authority to an immigration judge to determine that an alien parent of a United States citizen child should not be ordered removed, deported, or excluded from the United States, â€Å"amends the Immigration and Nationality Act, in the case of an alien subject to removal, deportation, or exclusion and who is the parent of a U.S. citizen child, to authorize an immigration judge to decline to order such removal if the judge determines such action to be against the child’s best interests†. It also states that â€Å"such discretion shall not apply to an alien when the judge determines that the alien is, one, excludable or deportable on security grounds, or two, has engaged in sex trafficking or severe forms of trafficking in persons†. This bill was originally introduced to the House Committee on the Judiciary in late January of this year. It was later referred to the subcommittee of Immigration and Border Security in February. Representative Jose Serrano introduced the bill to protect the parents of US citizen natural born children from being deported or removed from the country, who are at illegal status, at discretion of the immigration judge. If the bill was passed, many of the illegal immigrants who have children who are citizens of the United States will be able to stay and be legalized into the country, just because they have a child born on U.S. grounds. The people it would affect are illegally residing on U.S. grounds, but have children who were born here. The government will be positively affected through this bill. The numbers of immigrants in the country will decrease by a significant amount if this bill is passed. Many citizens may find this to be a controversial issue. On one hand, the bill allows for these families to be kept together and not separated from one another, but other citizens may argue that there are too many immigrants residing in the country as is, and permitting the parents of these children to stay would be a mistake. Family is a very important thing in life. Immigrant or not, family is family. Intentional separation of a family is unmoral and wrong. This bill would make a positive impact rather than a wrongful one. It gives this group of illegal parents of citizen children and opportunity and a chance to make a good life and provide for their children. If these parents can prove that they deserve to be here and that they can provide a good life and are willing to work to deliver and meet all the necessities of their children if given the chance, why would it be a negative impact on our government or society to pass this bill? Equality makes the United States the so-called â€Å"land of freedom† it is. A mother is a mother, a father is a father, and a child deserves to grow up with the warmth and love from each one. Every child, immigrant parents or not, deserves this opportunity. That is equality.

Glass Menagerie Essay

An Escape from Confinement The Wingfield family in Tennessee Williams â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† is one that is held together by the bonds of illusion, dysfunction, and entrapment. Amanda Wingfield lives in a lower middle-class apartment that Williams tells us is â€Å"symptomatic of the impulse of this largest and fundamentally enslaved section of American society to avoid fluidity and differentiation and to function as one interfused mass of automatism† (Williams, 1945, 400). Amanda and her two children, Laura and Tom, are enslaved in different ways. Amanda is a slave to a past when the bloom was not off the rose, so-to-speak. Tom is enslaved by pity for his mother and sister that keeps him working in a warehouse job he hates as he is a poet. Laura is enslaved by her illusions. There is a constant struggle between reality and illusion in this play, something ironic in light of the fact that Williams attempted to avoid realism. As Downer (1960) notes: â€Å"As a writer he is basically a poet, and he has done much to develop the possibilities of poetic expression in a theater that was created as a home for relentless realism† (222). Laura’s development through the play influences the evolution of the idea, that one must escape enslavement to have the chance for a fulfilling existence. The truly dysfunctional family of the play didn’t manage to escape their confined existence. At first it could seem as if their lives are anything but normal, but Amanda’s â€Å"impulse to preserve her single-parent family seems as familiar as the morning newspaper† (Presley 53). The Wingfields are a typical family just struggling to get by. Their problems, however, stem from their inability to effectively communicate with each other. Instead of talking out their differences, they resort to desperate acts. The desperation that the Wingfields embrace has led them to create illusions in their minds and in turn become deceptive. Amanda, Tom, and Laura are caught up in a web of desperation, denial, and deception, and it is this entrapment that prevents them, as it would any family, from living productive and  emotionally fulfilled life. All of the play’s characters make attempts at escape. The father is the ultimate symbol of escape because of his desertion. Laura continually escapes into a world of fantasy through the glass menagerie and the old phonograph records. Amanda tries to escape her current life by retelling stories of when she was young and life had limitless possibilities. Tom escapes his life and his mind-numbing job by going to the movies and sometimes getting drunk. Even the apartment where they live is something from which they would like to escape. â€Å"The Wingfield apartment is in the rear of the building, one of those vast hive-like conglomerations of cellular living-units that flower as warty growths in overcrowded urban centers of lower middle-class populations and are symptomatic of the impulse of this largest and fundamentally enslaved section of American society to avoid fluidity and differentiation and to exist and function as one interfused mass of automatism† (stage directions, 1.1, Williams 1175). Williams uses a description of the setting to establish the prison-like feel .The play takes an ambiguous attitude toward the moral implications and even the effectiveness of Tom’s escape. As far as he might wander from home, something still pursues him. Like a jailbreak, Tom’s escape leads him not to freedom but to the life of a fugitive. In their attempts to escape reality, all of the characters retreat into some kind of fantasy, whether it is films or glass animals. They find a source of comfort and contentment in these fantasy realms that they do not seem to find in reality. Each member of the Wingfield family is unable to overcome this difficulty, and each, as a result, withdraws into a private world of illusion where he or she finds the comfort and meaning that the real world does not seem to offer. Of the three Wingfields, reality has by far the weakest grasp on Laura. The private world in which she lives is populated by glass animals that, like Laura’s inner life, are incredibly delicate. Unlike his sister, Tom is capable of functioning in the real world. But, in the end, he has no more motivation than Laura does to pursue professional success, romantic relationships, and he prefers to retreat into the fantasies. Amanda’s relationship to reality is the most complicated in the play. Unlike her children, she is partial to real-world values and longs for social and financial success. Living in the past is Amanda’s way of escaping her pitiful present reality (Knorr). She never forgets to tell Laura and Tom  about her receiving seventeen gentlemen callers in Blue Mountain when she was young: â€Å"One Sunday afternoon-your mother received-seventeen!-gentlemen callers! Why, sometimes there weren’t enough chairs enough to accommodate them all† (Williams 26). Amanda’s retreat into illusion is in many ways more pathetic than her children’s, because it is a distortion of reality. In The Glass Menagerie, memory plays an important part, both thematically and in terms of the play’s presentation. Thematically, a reader sees the detrimental effects of memory in the form of Amanda’s living in the past. As far as the play’s presentation is concerned, the entire story is told from the memory of Tom, the narrator .When he begins to speak in Scene 1 of The Glass Menagerie, one of the first things he tells the audience is, â€Å"The play is memory. Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic.† The influence and power of memory is an important theme in the play and influences all the characters, which are trapped by memory. Tom is haunted by the memory of deserting his sister. Amanda can’t move past the memory of living a better life in Blue Mountain. â€Å"A blown-up photograph of the father hangs on the wall of the living room, to the left of the archway. It is the face of a very handsome young man in a doughboy’s First World War cap. He is gallantly smiling, ineluctably smiling, as if to say â€Å"I will be smiling forever.† (Stage directions, scene One, Williams 1178). Just as the portrait of Amanda’s husband hangs in the house, so does the past hover over the present of the play. Laura allows herself to become lost in phonograph records left by their father, the records themselves holding memories of the past. Even Jim is entangled by the memories of his days as a high school hero instead of just another guy working at a factory. The play examines the conflict between one’s obligations and one’s real desires, suggesting that being true to one may necessitate abandonment of the other. In the â€Å"Glass Menagerie† the characters have failed to escape enslavement, thus, losing the chance for a fulfilling existence. The quotation from Thoreau, â€Å"The mass of men lead lives of the quiet desperation,† applies directly to the characters, as they were all unhappy, but took no action to improve their situation in any significant way. Breaking down the chain of a vicious circle is an ongoing issue that can be found in a work life, personal relationships, and even in relationships with oneself resulting in addictions. â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† gives a reader an incentive to act up on  the stigmas, bias, and prejudices that one might have. It’s impossible to become a fulfilled and harmoniously accomplished individual without facing the dichotomy of one’s character. One has to get out of the world of fragile illusions and face the reality in order to be a happy person, as illusions create nothing but desperation.?

Qualities Of A Job Interview - 894 Words

Qualities to earn you a Job Job interview is a very important and critical part during hiring process. An applicant’s qualities are evaluated based on a company’s needs. During this pre-employment process, potential employers focus on eliminating any applicant who does not meet their standards. Fresh college graduates might find it is hard to pass through the process because they might be lacking some important qualities. If one want’s to succeed in an interview, he or she must show case certain qualities. Regardless of the interview’s nature, be it in-person, phone screening, behavioral, work sample, peer group or video conference, qualities such as, communication skills, customer intelligence, and motivation tend to be more significant in job interviews, thus, distinguishing between a great candidate and a good one. Overly, having effective and solid communication skills is important to make things work out easily and smoothly. It lasts a lifetime; for t hat reason, it is a prime factor to consider when trying engaging yourself either through your resume, employers or companies. During the dialogue, applicants are required to present their weakness and strengths verbally. One needs to be attentive so that he or she doesn’t reply mindlessly. Since applicants are not required to write frequently, all attention should be directed in listening and talking. Employers will seek to see whether you can communicate authentically in addition to holding aShow MoreRelatedMarisol Martinez Is A Recruiter For Basf Corporation For1403 Words   |  6 Pagescustomers in nearly every industry meet the current and future needs of society through science and innovation. Through a detailed interview with Mrs. Martinez, she was able to provide interesting and specific information about her exciting HR career. Will discuss her educational background, the interview process, steps to identify and attract candidates, how to measure quality of hire, r elationship with managers, work challenges and the use of technology. Her sharing work experience has giving a betterRead MoreDoes Attractivness Influence Being Hired for a Teaching Job?1559 Words   |  6 Pages Topic: How does an individual’s level of physical attractiveness affects his/her probability of getting a teaching job in today’s economy? Is the physical attractiveness bias beneficial or detrimental when hiring new employees in the teaching profession? Physical attractiveness as defined on Wikipedia, is the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful. Since beauty is a subjective term, I have decided to used the term physical attractivenessRead MoreThe New Guideline That Affects All Medical Device Companies Are Not Compliant1574 Words   |  7 Pagesnew course of instruction is being developed. Goal of Instruction When companies purchase the PRISYM 360 solution, their corporate learners do not have the skills or knowledge to implement the application as required to satisfactorily perform their job and to meet FDA requirements. After completion of the instructional unit, the corporate learners will be able to create a UDI compliant label from inception to print for production to hospitals, pharmacies, and other medical facilities. PerformanceRead MoreWhat Is Quality Vs Quantity : Getting A Good Job Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesreally is all about quality over quantity. Actually, quality will also bring quantity when you factor in your success rate. Here are a few examples. Quality vs Quantity: Getting a Good Job Take for example this Reddit post: Over the past few months, I ve applied to over 100 jobs (a conservative estimate). I was at times pumping 5 or 6 out per day. I got one interview out of all of them, which went terribly. A few weeks later I decided to try something new. I applied to two jobs a week only. WithRead MoreEssay On Hiring Process992 Words   |  4 Pageswe apply or recruit employees for a job. The process of submitting a resume or an application to apply for a job position is all technology based these days and has caused some businesses to forget that there are actually real people behind those submissions. Though I do enjoy the innovation of accepting resumes and applications electronically, my hiring process for The Lakeview Inn will always include a formal face-to-face interview, so those human qualities I am looking for in an employee, areRead MoreWhat Is Quality Vs Quantity : Getting A Good Job Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesreally is all about quality over quantity. Actually, quality will also bring quantity when you factor in your success rate. Here are a few examples. Quality vs Quantity: Getting a Good Job Take for example this Reddit post: Over the past few months, I ve applied to over 100 jobs (a conservative estimate). I was at times pumping 5 or 6 out per day. I got one interview out of all of them, which went terribly. A few weeks later I decided to try something new. I applied to two jobs a week only. WithRead MoreUsing Selection Processes for Selecting Potential Employees to Maintain Efficiency and Staffing Quotas815 Words   |  4 PagesThe structured interview, to select potential employees, should be used by the company to maintain efficiency and staffing quotas. The structured interview is valid, reliable, and would be effective for the selection needs of this company. A great deal of empirical research has examined the perceived fairness of selection interviews. These data indicate that interviews are generally perceived to be fair (Kravitz et al., 1996). Characteristics of the structured interview that make it anRead MoreHotel Management Team Project : Cycle Of Employment1474 Words   |  6 PagesIm (101004195) Bora Kim (101027304) Judy Pan (100990111) Vivian Woong (101026642) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Job Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 4 – 5 Recruitment Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........Page 6 Job Advertisement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 7 Interview Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 8 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 9 INTRODUCTION ParadiseRead MoreEssay about Employment Law and Compliance Plan954 Words   |  4 PagesResource Department must explore resources to find right candidates. Recruitment and selection team must addressing the job responsibilities and scope of work of each new position. The staffing process is normally divided into recruitment phase and the selection phase. Recruitment is the searching and attracting of job seekers and the selection is the part job seekers are chosen to get the offer to fill the vacant position. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service CompanyRead MoreEmployee Selection Proposal : Recruitment Selection And Retention Efforts Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pageshave identified some weaknesses. In the recruitment process, weaknesses include using Craigslist, unemployment offices and college job boards. The internet is a very good resource for recruiting, but there are more useful and trust-worthy job sites other than Craigslist. Another weakness is that interviews are brief and the questions depend on the interviewer. The interviews should be structured and consistent (Argosy University Online, 2016). Another weakness is that training is too short, and it needs

GSK Economics Essay - 942 Words

EC229 Economics of Strategy Introduction 1. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a global healthcare company specialized in the research, development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical and consumer health-related products. The company has operations in 120 countries, with products being sold in over 150 countries. (Description) 2. As a dominant player in the pharmaceutical industry, GSK operates in an oligopolistic market. It is highly cash generative, with increased sales growth and shareholder returns. (Oligopoly) 3. Its main competitor is American pharmaceutical giant, Pfizer. Financially, GSK is not the best performer (with $108 bn compared to Pfizer’s $161 bn), but it manages to differentiate itself, which is the key to†¦show more content†¦This is critical to differentiating its products and maintaining growth. a. Its 5-year partnership with McLaren is one of the more notable marketing strategies. 4 b. Divestment has also helped GSK raise profits in 2012, as it refocuses on its core brands. The graph shows the impact of advertising on profits. 3. (Collusion) The ViiV healthcare, a collusion between GSK and Pfizer, helps both companies reduce costs in the race in HIV RD, one of the most expensive public health programmes. In an oligopoly, the explicit collusion of two firms will pay because it enables the players to jointly charges monopolist prices and earn monopolist profits. However, it is for the same reason that there is an incentive to cheat. 5 4. (RD) Ultimately, if oligopolists want to achieve and enhance supernormal profits, they need to erect barriers to entry to protect their competitive advantage. This is why the ultimate strategy lies within RD. It ensures that GSK remains a sustainable business. a. Over the past 4 years, GSK has had 16 new drugs and vaccines approved in the USA, more than any of its competitors. It has also sustained late-stage pipeline of around 30 assets. b. RD is a long run investment that allows GSK to enjoy reduced MC, which further extends its profits. Nonetheless, it is essential that it protects these assets through patents, in order to achieve monopoly powers over these assets. 6 5.Show MoreRelatedFinancial Position Of Hikma Pharmaceutical Plc And Glaxosmithkline Plc3479 Words   |  14 Pagesperformance of both firms. The report will then provide a financial ratio analysis of both firms in order to determine with certainty the best firm for investments The economic pressures including global crisis, price rise and increased rate of inflation and the general instability in the Eurozone affect both firms. The social, political and economic factors have a direct impact on the operating activities of both firms as well as their long-term growth decision plan. Finally After a careful examination ofRead More India Risk Analysis Essay3459 Words   |  14 Pagescommon place in the expanding economy. With expanding economic growth, tourism and leisure also increase. The Government of Kerala has identified this future need and is actively pursuing FDI in the building of a new International Convention Center, as well as the surrounding businesses and support industries that are required. This investment has been targeted primarily to Foreign Direct Investment as well as local capital investment. Economic and Financial Forces India has a stable financial foundationRead MoreGsk a Merger Too Far1158 Words   |  5 PagesCase study C: GSK, a merger too far? 1- Derive three opportunities and three threats for GSK by first making the PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment surrounding the pharmaceutical industry. (9 points) * PESTEL analysis of the pharmaceutical industry: Political: Since the creation of healthcare insurance, companies have to conform themselves to two kinds of systems: 1) The universal system applied for example in France, with less demand in new technologies. 2) The very selective anglo-saxonRead MoreHrm at Glaxosmithkline Pakistan1565 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain Human Resource Management and its tactics with our exclusive discussion of HRM at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In our meeting with the Assistant Manager of Recruitment at GSK, Mr. Sufyan Ismail, we discussed the HRM policy being implemented in the organization. This term report shall be covering the points highlighted in our discussion that include the following HR procedures being undertaken at GSK: 1. Recruitment 2. Training and Learning 3. Corporate Culture Read MoreEffectiveness Of Glaxosmithkline s Corporate Governance Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesand return on equity to assess how well GSK maximizes shareholders demand. However, GSK has neglected the demand of the other stakeholders of the company, Regardless, this report positive recommendation can be summarized into two themes. Firstly, irrespective of the depressed economy and market overload, GSK continues to have strong financials, as well as having ideas for diversification into other markets. Secondly, with regards to its corporate governance, GSK has the opportunity to reform its governanceRead MoreU.s. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act817 Words   |  4 Pagesworked under the reformed Healthcare system. U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 The GSK case is attributed to the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 (2016) because of the offenses as a result of bribing another person(s), and the offenses as a result of being bribed (Legislation.gov.uk, 2016). This is the law from the United Kingdom as it relates to GSK being the representative U.K. company. Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China The GSK case used Article 5, 91, 163, and 164 under the CLPRC, which specify China’sRead MoreGlaxosmithkline s Financial Performance : Glaxosmithkline1166 Words   |  5 PagesGlaxoSmithKline’s Financial Performance. GSK is the 2nd largest pharmaceutical firm in the world, and the largest in the UK by sales and profits, it is responsible for 7% of the worlds pharmaceutical market, and has its stocks listed both in UK and US (O Rourke, 2002). The origin of the so called blockbuster model, is partly linked with Glaxo (as it was previously known). In the early 80’s, then Glaxo brought to light their first blockbuster drug, Zantac, which was an anti-ulcer drug, which wasRead MoreThe Us Transfer Pricing Regulations951 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding advances pricing agreements, arms length standard, and methods allowed to determine comparable prices. - 60 The US transfer pricing regulations, as outlined in Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code, are similar to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. They have a commitment to the arm s length principle, as do many other countries worldwide who use it as a basis for bilateral treaties between governments. US Guidelines say that in the case of anyRead MoreSwot Analysis of the Glaxosmithkline.1477 Words   |  6 Pagesto do more, feel better and live longer. (Gsk. 2009). Let start SWOT analysis of Glaxosmithkline from strengths. First of all the company has got many well-known brands and top world products like smoking cessation product NiQuitin CQ as well as many medicine staples, including Panadol, Zantac, Zovirax, Augmentin, Solpadeine, Aquafresh and Sensodyne. GSK’s Nutritional Healthcare arm encompasses the notorious drinks brands Lucozade, Ribena and Horlicks (Gsk. 2009). Another good side of the firm isRead MoreGlaxoSmithKline In China CaseAnalysis Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagescreated in New Zeeland merged with SmithKline, which was also a Pharmaceutical, firm in the United Kingdom. Several years after the merger, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) became one of the largest drug manufacturers around, with an estimate of $22.5 billion in global sales and had over one hundred thousand employees worldwide (Quelch Rodriguez, 2013). With GSK being one of the largest manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, they have different sites around the world. One of their sites is in China after China joint

Young Good Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Book Report/Review

Essays on Young Good Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Book Report/Review The paper "Young Good Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne" is a wonderful example of a book review on literature. Young Good Brown is a canon written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The prolific uses both symbolism and imagery to relay the exciting piece of literature. Brown, who is the protagonist in the story, leaves his wife Faith to go to an unknown destination. Brown, who is young and naive, is persuaded his wife to stay home through the night. However, he does not hide to his calls and instead leaves unceremoniously to the darkness (Hawthorne, 2005, p.1). In the last paragraph of page 8, Brown is initiated in what seems to appear as a cult that practices devil worshipping. Shockingly, he discovers that his lovely wife is in the evil activity that is widespread among the local community. He is convinced that Faith is part of the wicked ratchet of devil worshipers because of the ribbon that she has which symbolizes the membership of the cult. Brown is disgusted given that it seems that he had not learned his wife prior to marrying her. Out of the disbelief of the unfolding events, he shouts his wife's name loudly. He remains unsure about his wife’s reaction after having discovered that he was in the middle of a dream (Hawthorne, 2005, pp.8-13). Coincidentally, the next morning, Mr. Brown meets the religious leader he had dreamt the previous morning. The head seemed to be preparing for the sermon for the day. Brown resented him because he felt that he was preaching water while at the same time drinking wine. During the day, he see med he behaved like a saint but in the night he practiced devil worshiping and witchcraft. The bad dream Brown haunts him while attending the church service. According to the piece, religion has become so much hypocritical with people using religion as a cover-up for their evil deeds (Hawthorne, 2005, pp.8-13).

Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security. Answer: Introduction Cloud security is the wide range of approaches and strategies of securing data and information with the help of cloud computing. Several technologies are utilized in this process. These technologies and strategies are given to the user to secure their data perfectly and safely. The infrastructure of cloud computing is also involved in this security procedure (Rong, Nguyen Jaatun, 2013). It is the sub part of information security and network security. The Department of Administrative Services or DAS gives various services to the Australian State Government. The services are procurement, payroll, human resource management, personnel management and contractor management. Due to the recent changes in the policies of the government, Department of Administrative Services is shifting to a new approach known as the Shared Service approach (Almorsy, Grundy Mller, 2016). This particular approach means that a fixed number of services will be controlled by DAS for the benefit of the Whole of G overnment (WofG). DAS has to follow various strategies and tasks. The following report outlines a brief description about cloud security for the case study of Department of Administrative Services or DAS. The report provides a privacy strategy proposal for DAS. It includes the collection and control of applied personal data, utilization and security of various digital identities, securing and accessing personal data, rectifying personal data and proper recommendations to control and secure data with cloud computing (Liu, 2012). The report also covers a strategy to secure and protect personal data with proper recommendations. The description of the above discussion is given in the following paragraphs. Department of Administrative Services or DAS gives various services to the Australian State Government. The services are procurement, payroll, human resource management, personnel management and contractor management. Due to the recent changes in the policies of the government, Department of Administrative Services is shifting to a new approach known as the Shared Service approach (Behl Behl, 2012). This particular approach means that a fixed number of services will be controlled by DAS for the benefit of the Whole of Government (WofG). DAS has to follow various strategies and tasks. DAS gives the integrated services to the remaining agencies and departments of the government. There is another policy of the government, which is the Cloud First approach. This is utilized for upgrading and obtaining various services. The various tasks that are to be done by DAS are purchasing a personnel and HR management application. This particular application will give a human resources suite, prov iding a perfect management of performance (Lee, 2012). The employees of DAS will store the information directly into this particular application with the help of a secured URL. A secured application of transferring data will upload huge amount of data. It is the responsibility of DAS to check whether the data entered in correct or not. There will be a new application known as the Commercial Off The Shelf or COTS will control the public cloud section. All the authenticated credentials of the authorized users are uploaded to enable the users to access the payroll of the agency. It is noticed that authentication is done only by utilizing the agency ID credentials of the users (Aljawarneh, 2012). All the agencies in the Whole of Government are required to utilize the Active Directory Federated Services of ADFS for federation to the Azure AD instance for authorization and authentication. Privacy Strategy for Personal Data Department of Administrative Services or DAS will have to secure their personal data through a good quality of privacy strategy. There are various steps to protect their personal data (Tsai et al., 2012). The most important step is to manage their personal information so that it is not accessible by hackers or unauthorized people. The steps to secure the personal data of DAS are as follows: Secured Browser: Utilization of a safe and secured Web browser is the first and the foremost step in managing the personal data (Tianfield, 2012). This can help to prevent from entering into the unauthorized websites and all sorts of virus attacks. Passwords: Utilization of several passwords is another important step to prevent all types of data hacking (Kulkarni et al., 2012). DAS should keep specific passwords in all of their private information and they should change those passwords on a regular basis. Collection and Management of Solicited Personal Information a) Logging Out: This is an important step to secure the data form hacking. Every time the users should log out from the system so that other people are not able to access their data. b) Anti Virus: This is the most basic and the easiest way to secure personal data. DAS should install antivirus software in their cloud to protect their personal data from virus attacks (Chou, 2013). DAS can secure their personal information by blocking the access to the systems and personal websites (Suresh Prasad, 2012). The disclosure and utilization of personal information can lead the organization into serious security problems. Use and Security of Digital Identities A digital identity is data of an organization that is utilized to depict an external representative (Iankoulova Daneva, 2012). This particular representative can be an individual, an organization or an application. Digital identities has several advantages. The main advantages of digital identities are as follows: Security: The main advantage of digital identity is its security. The data is extremely safe and secured with the help of digital identity. Data Integrity: The integrity of the data is not lost because of digital identity. This is another important advantage of digital identity. Simple: Digital identity does not require many complexities and time to get implemented (Salah et al., 2013). This is extremely simple and thus this is another important advantage of digital identity. Fast: Digital identities are extremely fast and this is another important advantage of digital identity. However, implementing digital identities in DAS can sometimes turn to be risky. These digital identities should be safe and secured so that there exists no loopholes of hacking in the data. The utilization and security of digital identities are the most important step to secure the cloud. Limited Access to Systems: All the users should not be allowed to use all the systems (Malik Nazir, 2012). DAS should allow and unauthorized users to access their computers and systems. Private WiFi Connection: DAS should install a private wireless connection for internet access. Security and access to personal information is another important step to save the privacy. The information should be secured so that the unauthorized access to various information is mitigated (Hamlen et al. 2013). Department of Administrative Services should secure their personal information by limiting the access to their personal information from unauthorized users. Quality and Correction of Personal Information The quality and the correction of personal information is another important step to keep the privacy of the data. DAS should focus on the quality of their information so that there exists no loopholes in the privacy (Liu, 2012). Moreover, the information should be corrected from time to time to avoid all sorts of errors in the information. DAS is dealing with several dangerous information that are highly confidential. There are various ways to mitigate these risks (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). It is recommended that Department of Administrative Services should focus on their security of personal information. The three ways to mitigate the privacy risks of information are as follows: Encryption: The procedure of encrypting or encoding a particular message to maintain its security without changing the inner meaning is known as encryption. It encodes the entire message into a cipher text, which is only readable by the receiver. When a sender sends a message, he sends it in an encrypted form (Stallings Brown, 2012). This saves the message from getting theft and thus security is maintained. There are two main algorithms used for encryption. They are the Symmetric Key Algorithm and the Asymmetric Key Algorithm. The symmetric key algorithm is extremely simple. The sender and the receiver are provided with a key. The sender while sending a message with encodes the message with the key. Once, the receiver receives the message, he is able to decode the message with that particular key only. No other unauthorized users will get the access of the data and thus the data is absolutely secured through encryption (Van Tilborg Jajodia, 2014). The unencrypted message is known a s the plain text while, the encrypted message is known as the cipher text. The main advantage of encryption is that it is extremely secured. The second algorithm for encryption is the asymmetric algorithm. Here, the case is different from symmetric key algorithm. Here the sender and the receiver have two different keys to encode and decode the message. The sender encrypts the message with a particular key and the receiver decrypts the message with a different key. The main advantage of symmetric key algorithm is that it is extremely simple as both the keys are same. However, it has one disadvantage as well (Stallings Brown, 2012). Both the keys are same in symmetric key algorithm. Thus, if any one of them loses the key, there is a high chance that the data cannot be recovered any more. This can lead to major problem for any organization. The main advantage of asymmetric key algorithm is that the security is double than symmetric key. Since, there are two keys; there is no need to e xchange keys between the sender and the receiver. This helps to keep the keys safe and secured. However, there is a disadvantage as well. The main disadvantage of asymmetric key algorithm is its complexities. Both the keys are different and this makes it much complex than the symmetric key (Buchmann, 2013). Another disadvantage of asymmetric key algorithm is that the time consumption is more as the complexity is higher. It is highly recommended for DAS to opt for encryption, as encryption would secure their personal information. Digital Authentication: This is the second most basic and important recommended strategy to secure the data for DAS. The procedure of getting confidence in the identities of users digitally is known as digital authentication (Hamlen et al. 2013). The word authentication means to an electronic procedure, which enables any type of electronic recognition of a legal person. Authentication also saves the integrity of the data and thus it can be claimed as another strategy for privacy of data. The main advantage of digital authentication is that it mitigates the chance of data theft and fraud. In a digital authentication, the identities of the user are given to a particular information system electronically (Buchmann, 2013). There are three main factors of digital authentication. They are as follows: Knowledge Factors: These factors are nothing but the confidential knowledge of a user like the password, pin number. Ownership Factors: These factors are those that the user possesses like a credit card, one-time passwords. Inherence Factors: These factors are those factors that an user has got in inherence like the biometric identifications (Stallings Brown, 2012). Fingerprint and face recognitions are two famous inherence factors. Digital Signatures: This is the third important strategy to reduce the privacy risks is the implementation of digital signatures. DAS can protect their data by implementing this very safe and secured data security strategy in their organization. this is nothing but a digital code, which is created by public key encryption and is utilized to verify an users identity (Kahate, 2013). It also verifies the contents of the message that are sent over the network. DAS should implement digital signatures for their private cloud. The main advantages of digital signature are the speed, cost, security, authenticity, imposter prevention, time stamp and tracking. These advantages will help DAS to protect their data and thus the privacy should be secured. However, digital signatures do have some disadvantages (Salomaa, 2013). The disadvantages of digital signatures include expiry of the signatures, need for verification software, compatibility, need for implementation of digital certificates. In sp ite of these disadvantages, digital signatures are one of the famous strategies for privacy of data. It is highly recommended for DAS. Personal Data Protection Strategy Department of Administrative Services or DAS is having problems in securing their personal data. This type of data should be secured and safe on immediate basis. There is a high risk that the data will be lost and the hackers and the unauthorized users will be able to access them (Salah et al. 2013). The access should be authorized so that the integrity of the information does not get lost. This will create a major problem as every data and information are important for DAS. The access and disclosure of the personal information should be authorized so that there exists no chance of hacking and modification of personal information (Salomaa, 2013). There are several ways to stop this hacking like installing antivirus, firewalls. The procedure to prevent the identity of personal data is known as de-identification of personal data. There are several ways to stop the identification of the personal data of DAS. They will have to adopt certain measures to mitigate or reduce the hacking of data (Liu, 2012). The best ways to prevent identification of personal data is the antivirus, security policies and firewalls. Implementing these techniques can help DAS to prevent their data identification. Digital identities are an important solution to their problem. A digital identity is data of an organization that is utilized to depict an external representative. This particular representative can be an individual, an organization or an application (Ali, Khan Vasilakos, 2015). There are various advantages of digital identities. The advantages of digital identities are as follows: Security: The main advantage of digital identity is its security. The data is extremely safe and secured with the help of digital identity. Data Integrity: The integrity of the data is not lost because of digital identity. This is another important advantage of digital identity. Simple: Digital identity does not require much complexities and time to get implemented. This is extremely simple and thus this is another important advantage of digital identity. Fast: Digital identities are extremely fast and this is another important advantage of digital identity. Security of Personal Data Security and access to personal information is another important step to save the privacy. The information should be secured so that the unauthorized access to various information is mitigated (Katz Lindell, 2014). Department of Administrative Services should secure their personal information by limiting the access to their personal information from unauthorized users. Securing and archiving personal data is an important step to secure the personal information. DAS should implement various strategies to secure their personal information as it is important for their business (Ali, Khan Vasilakos, 2015). Personal data are protected and secured through several strategies. Three strategies are recommended for Department of Administrative Services. They are as follows: Periodic Back up and Recovery: Personal information should be recovered periodically and back ups should be taken time to time (Peltier, 2016). This will help Department of Administrative Services to recover their lost data and to will not lose their confidential data any more. Remote Data Movement: Real time and non real time movement of data from a particular storage to another secured storage is another strategy for protecting data and information. There is always a high chance of losing of data and information if they are stored for longer period of time (Ali, Khan Vasilakos, 2015). The system or the storage may be damaged and thus the data can be lost. Two popular forms of data movement are the replication and the remote copy. These two techniques will help DAS to save their data and to save the storage system. Data Lifecycle Management: DLM or Data Lifecycle Management is the automatic movement of data to offline and online storage (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). The major features of data lifecycle management are keeping the data in a particular storage that is read easily and cannot be modified. These three strategies will help DAS to secure their personal information and the information will not be lost. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, Department of Administrative Services or DAS gives various services to the Australian State Government. The services are procurement, payroll, human resource management, personnel management and contractor management. Due to the recent changes in the policies of the government, Department of Administrative Services is shifting to a new approach known as the Shared Service approach. This particular approach means that a fixed number of services will be controlled by DAS for the benefit of the Whole of Government (WofG). DAS has to follow various strategies and tasks. They have to secure their data and information through various ways and strategies. The report provides a brief description on how to manage and control personal information, utilization and security of digital identities, security and access to personal information, quality and rectification of personal information. The report also provides perfect recommenda tions on several strategies to secure the privacy of personal information in DAS. The report further covers a personal data protection strategy for DAS with the ability to control the unauthorized access to the personal information. Proper recommendations are also provided to mitigate the security risks for the protection of data. References Ali, M., Khan, S. U., Vasilakos, A. V. (2015). Security in cloud computing: Opportunities and challenges.Information Sciences,305, 357-383. Aljawarneh, S. (2012). Cloud security engineering: Avoiding security threats the right way.Cloud Comput. Adv. Des. Implementation, Technol., 147. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). 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